Laima SURGAILIENĖ (LAUČKAITĖ)

PhD, leading researcher
ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0291-8934
E–mail: lauckal@yahoo.com

Studied art history at the Lithuanian Art Institute, Vilnius in 1974–1979. At Mikhail Lomonosov University of Moscow in 1988 defended Ph.D. dissertation Critical Analysis of Esthetical Views of Alois Riegl. 1991–1992 postdoctoral grant in Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte (Munich). Habilitation proceeding at the Institute of Culture, Philosophy and Art Research in 2008 in Vilnius. 1988–1990 worked at the Department of Art History of the Institute of Philosophy, Sociology and Law of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences, 1990–2002 in the Institute of Culture and Art, since 2003 in the Institute of Culture, Philosophy and Art Research (researcher 1988–1997, senior researcher 1997–2003, since 2004 leading researcher), 2008-2018 the Head of the Department of Art History and Visual Culture of Lithuanian Culture Research Institute. 1993–1996 lecturer of the Department of Art History, Vilnius Academy of Art. Since 2022 editor-in-chief of the journal Meno istorijos studijos [Art History Studies].

Member of the Lithuanian Artists Association since 1986, member of Lithuanian Section of AICA (1995–1998 President), member of the Lithuanian Society of Art Historians (since 1994). Her book Art in Vilnius 1900–1915 got the Biennial Book Prize of 2008–2009 from the Association for the Advancement of Baltic Studies, USA. Awarded with the Lithuanian Republic Government Prize for an outstanding achievements in culture and art (2015).

Fields of scholarly interests: art and multinational artistic life of Vilnius at early 20th century, interconections between Lithuanian, Russian, and German artists at the turn ot the 20th century, art in Lithuania during World War One, iconography of Vilnius, historigraphy of art, Lithuanian art in exile, art of the Soviet era.

Selected publications

Books

Leopoldas Surgailis. Tapyba/ Painting, Vilnius: Vilniaus dailės akademija, 2022, ISBN 978-609-447-365-4.

Review: Erika Grigoravičienė, Teptukai ir kalavijai, Naujasis židinys. Aidai, 2022 nr. 8, p. 71-73.

Vilniaus dailė Didžiojo karo metais [Art in Vilnius during the First World War], Vilnius: Lietuvos kultūros tyrimų institutas, 2018,  ISBN 978-609-8231-03-8.

Review: Ernestas Parulskis, Oi, čia dar visko bus. Knyga „Vilniaus dailė Didžiojo karo metais“ – su serialine intriga, Naujasis židinys. Aidai, 2019, nr. 3, p. 70-71.

Rafael Chwoles. The Search for Jerusalem, Vilnius: Vilna Gaon State Jewish Museum, 2013, ISBN 978–9955–767–20–6/ Rafaël Chwoles. La recherche de Jérusalem, Vilnius: Musée National Juifs de Gaon de Vilna, 2013, ISBN 978–9955–767–21–3/ Rafaelis Chvolesas. Jeruzalės ieškojimas, Vilnius: Vilniaus Gaono žydų muziejus, 2013, ISBN 978–9955–767–19–0.

Review: Giedrė Jankevičiūtė, Laiko slenkstis į miestą, Knygų aidai, 2014, nr. 4, p. 24-28.

Ekspresionizmo raitelė Mariana Veriovkina [Expresionist Rider Marianne Werefkin], Vilnius: Kultūros, filosofijos ir meno institutas, 2007, ISBN 978-9986-638-95-7.

Reviews:

Laima Kreivytė, Raitelei, kuri gyvena kiekvienoje iš mūsų. Monografija „Ekspresionizmo raitelė Mariana Veriovkina“, 7 meno dienos, 2008 05 02.

Rasa Andriušytė, Rusė europietė. M.Veriovkinos gyvenimas ir kūryba naujoje Laimos Laučkaitės knygoje, Menotyra, 2008, t. 15, nr. 2, p. 62-64;

Ramutė Rachlevičiūtė, Ekspresionizmo raitelė. Lituanistinės salelės XIX a. pabaigos – XX a. pradžios kultūrinėje Atlantidoje, Krantai, 2008, nr. 4, p. 24-29;

Aleksandras Mažrimas, Gerbiamoms bitėms, raitelėms, amazonėms, Nemunas, 2008 07 03, nr. 25, p. 5-8;

Stasys Goštautas, Mums nepažįstama Mariana Veriovkina I, II, Draugas (USA), 2008 09 06; 2008 09 23;

Kristiana Ābele, Cara generāļa meita un vācu ekspresionisma vēstures avoti Lietuvā, Mākslas. Vēsture un teorija (Riga), 2008, nr. 10, p. 69-70.

Art in Vilnius 1900–1915, Vilnius: Baltos lankos, 2008. ISBN 978-9955-23-183-7.

Review:

Radoslaw Okulicz-Kozaryn, Laima Laučkaitė, “Art in Vilnius 1900-1915“, Biuletyn Historii Sztuki (Warszawa), rok LXXII , 2010, nr. 4, p. 523-526.

Vilniaus dailė XX amžiaus pradžioje [Art of Vilnius in Early Twentieth Century], Vilnius: Baltos lankos, 2002, ISBN 9955-429-71-2.

Reviews:

Kristiāna Ābele, 20. gadsimta sākuma Viļņa daudznacionālas mākslas vēstures spogulī / Early-20th-Century Vilnius in the Mirror of a Multinational Art History: Laima Laučkaitė. Vilniaus dailė XX amžiaus pradžioje, Mākslas. Vēsture un teorija (Riga), 2004, Nr. 2, p. 82-84;

K. Paul Žygas,  Review: Laima Laučkaitė, The Arts of Vilnius in the early 20^th century, Centropa , A Journal of Central European Architecture and Related Arts, (New York), 6.2: May 2006, p.156-158.

Applied reseach publications

Hommage donatoriams. Vilniaus paveikslų galerijos pradžia [Hommage to the Donors. The Beginning of the Vilnius Picture Gallery], Vilnius: Lietuvos nacionalinis dailės muziejus, 2021, ISBN 978-609-426-158-9.

Vilnius. Topophilia. Vilnius Views of the Art Collection of the Law Firm Ellex Valiūnas, Vilnius: Ellex Valiūnas, 2017, ISBN 978-609-95883-2-2.

 

Vilnius. Topophilia. vol. II. Art Collection of the Law Firm Ellex Valiunas, Vilnius: Ellex Valiunas, 2015, ISBN 978-609-95084-7-4.

Vilnius. Topophilia. vol. I. Art Collection of the Law Firm LAWIN, Vilnius: LAWIN, 2014, ISBN 978-609-95084-6-7.

Main scholary articles

Zagadka obrazu Stanisława Bohusza-Siestrzeńcewicza „Głód w Wilnie“ lub „Dzieci przedmieść wileńskich” [The riddle of the painting by Stanisław Bohusz-Siestrzeńcewicz "Hunger in Vilnius" or "Children of Vilnius Suburbs"], Stanisław Bohusz-Siestrzeńcewicz: twórczość, konteksty, przyczynki,  ed. E. Ptaszyńska, Suwałki: Muzeum Okręgowe w Suwałkach, 2022, p. 123-131, ISBN 978-83-61494-98-0.

Paroda „Hommage donatoriams. Vilniaus paveikslų galerijos pradžia” [Exhibition „Hommage to the Donors. The Beggining of the Vilnius Picture Gallery“], Lietuvos dailės muziejaus metraštis, t. 23, 2022, p. 245–249.

The Iconography of Jewish Vilna during the First World War, Colloquia, vol. 48, ed. Radvilė Racėnaitė, Vilnius: Lietuvių literatūros ir tautosakos institutas, 2021, p. 113–137, ISSN 1822-3737 https://doi.org/10.51554/Coll.21.48.08

Stanisław Bohusz-Siestrzeńcewicz w Wilnie [Stanisław Bohusz-Siestrzeńcewicz in Vilnius], Stanisław Bohusz-Siestrzeńcewicz 1869–1927, ed. Eliza Ptaszyńska, Suwałki: Muzeum Okręgowe w Suwałkach, 2021, p. 26–44.

Moï Ver: Vilnius Bauhauzo žvilgsniu [Moï Ver: Vilnius in Bauhaus view], Naujasis židinys, 2020, nr.1, p. 59–61.

(Co-author with Giedrė Jankevičiūtė), Expressionism in Lithuania: from German Artistic Import to National Art, The Routledge Companion to Expressionism in a Transnational Context, ed. Isabel Wünsche, New York, London: Taylor and Francis, 2019, Print ISBN: 9781138712553, eBook ISBN: 9781315200088, p. 134–157.
https://www.routledge.com/The-Routledge-Companion-to-Expressionism-in-a-Transnational-Context/Wunsche/p/book/9781138712553

The Paradoxes of Lithuanian National Romanticism, Muzeja raksti 7, ed. Gundega Cēbere, Riga: Latvijas Nacionãlais mãkslas muzejs, 2019, p. 84–97.

Der Briefwechsel zwischen Manja und Lulu in der Martynas-Mažvydas-Nationalbibliothek in Wilna, Lebensmenschen. Alexej von Jawlensky und Marianne von Werefkin, hrsg. von Roman Zieglgänsberger, Annegret Hoberg, Alexander Klar und Matthias Mühling, München, London, New York: Prestel, p. 300–304.

(Co-author), Âmes sauvages. Le symbolisme dans les pays baltes. Ed. Rodolphe Rapetti, Paris: Musée d‘Orsey, FLAMMARION, 2018, p. 143, 158, 159, 174, 188, 200, 238, 277, 286, 288.

Our Alien Legacy: German Art during World War I in Vilnius, Kunstiteaduslikke Uurimusi /Studies in Art and Architecture (Tallinn), ed. Kristiāna Ābele, 2018, vol. 27/1–3, p. 153–173.
https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=711038

Woman Artists of Marianne Werefkin’s Circle: Sisters or Rivals?  The Case of Vera Abegg-Verevkine, Avant–Garde Critical Studies, Vol. 33: Marianne Werefkine and the Artists in her Circle, ed. Tatjana Malycheva, Isabel Wünsche, Leiden, Boston: Brill Rodopi, 2017, p. 80–91. ISSN 1387–3008; ISBN 978–90–04–32897–6 (hardbook), ISBN 978–90–04–33314–7 (e-book).https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctt1w8h0q1.12#metadata_info_tab_contents

The Heritage of Vilnius in the Eyes of German Art Historians during World War I, Visuelle Geschichtskultur, bd. 16: Apologeten der Vernichtung oder „Kunstschützer“? Kunsthistoriker der Mittelmächte im Ersten Weltkrieg, hrsg. von Robert Born und Beate Störtkuhl, Köln Weimar Wien: Böhlau Verlag, 2017, p. 141–158.
https://doi.org/10.7788/9783412508340.141

http://www.boehlau–verlag.com/download/164722/978–3–412–50716–9_OpenAccess.pdf

The House of Creativity in Palanga: A Structured Utopia, Dailės istorijos studijos/ Art History studies, t. 8: Community and Utopia: Artist‘s Colonies in Eastern Europe from the Fin–de–Siècle to Socialist Period, ed. Laima Laučkaitė, Marina  Dmitrieva, Vilnius: Lietuvos kultūros tyrimų institutas, 2017, p. 125–141.

Jewish Vilnius in the Works of German Artists, The Art of Identity and Memory: Toward a Cultural History of the Two World Wars in Lithuania, ed. Giedrė Jankevičiūtė, Rasutė Žukienė, Boston: Academic Studies Press, 2015, p. 25–54.
https://www.academicstudiespress.com/lithuanianstudies/the-art-of-identity-and-memory-toward-a-cultural-history-of-the-two-world-wars-in-lithuania

Spalvoti Arnoldo Cveigo Vilniaus karoliai [The Colourful Neclase of Vilnius by Arnold Zweig], Dailės istorijos studijos, t. 7: Vaizdų tekstai – tekstų vaizdai, ed. Lina Balaišytė, Erika Grigoravičienė, Vilnius: Lietuvos kultūros tyrimų institutas, 2016, p. 110–134.

Art at the Opposite Side of the Front: German Artists in Ober Ost in World War I, Muzeja raksti 6, ed. Gundega Cēbere, Riga: Latvijas Nacionãlais mãkslas muzejs, 2015, p. 213–224.

Crossing 'Alien' National Boundaries: on the Research of the Identity of Vilnius Art, Poszukiwanie tożsamości kulturowej w krajach Europy Środkowo–Wschodniej 1919–2009. The search for cultural identity in Central and Eastern Europe 1919–2009, ed. Irena Kossowska, Toruń: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika, 2015, p. 119–132.
https://wydawnictwo.umk.pl/upload/samples/Poszukiwanie_tozsamosci_kulturowej_1-10.pdf

The Image of an Occupied City: Walter Buhe’s Vilnius of the First World War, Dailės istorijos studijos/ Art History studies, t. 5: Art and Artistic Life during the Two World Wars, ed. Giedrė Jankevičiūtė, Laima Laučkaitė, Vilnius: Lietuvos kultūros tyrimų institutas, 2012, p. 121–140.

Art Nouveau in Vilnius, Baltische Seminare, bd. 18: Jugendstil im Baltikum, hrsg. Alexander Knorre, Lüneburg: Verlag Carl–Schirren–Gesellschaft e. V., 2012, p. 223–248.https://hds.hebis.de/herder/Record/HEB392648547

Žydo stereotipas XX a. pradžios Vilniaus žurnalinėje grafikoje [The Stereotype of Jew in Illustrated Magazines of Vilnius at the Beginning of the 20th century], Vilniaus kultūrinis gyvenimas. Tautų polilogas 1900–1945, ed. Alma Lapinskienė, Vilnius: Lietuvių literatūros ir tautosakos institutas, 2012, p. 43–54.

Medinė Druskininkų architektūra XX a. pradžios kurorto fone [The Wooden Architecture of Druskininkai in the Realm of the Resort in the early 20th Century], Andrius Surgailis: Mediniai Druskininkai, Vilnius: Versus aureus, 2011, p. 6–21.

Nacionalinės dailės istorijos rašymas: XX a. I pusės strategijos [Writing the National Art History: Strategies of the First Half of the 20th century], Meno istorija ir kritika, Nr. 7: Meno istorijos riboženkliai, 2011, p. 89–96.

M. K. Čiurlionis, V. Kandinskis ir M. Veriovkina S. Makovskio salone Peterburge 1909 metais [Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis, Wassily Kandinsky and Marianne von Werefkin in Sergey Makovsky‘s Salon in St. Petersburg in 1909], Acta Academiae Artium Vilnensis, t. 59: Meno idėjų migracija XX a. pradžioje: M. K. Čiurlionio ir amžininkų kūryba, ed. Rasa Žukienė, Vilnius: Vilniaus dailės akademijos leidykla, 2010, p. 73–90.

I legami di Marianne Verëvkina con i pittori russi / Связи Мариамны Веревкиной с русскими художникми, Artisti Russi in Swizzera. Marianne Werefkin/ Художники русского зарубежия. Марианна Веревкина. Firenze: Alias, 2010, p. 42–63.

Writing Art History of the City: from Nationalism to Multi–Culturalism, Kunstiteaduslikke Uurimusi /Studies in Art and Architecture (Tallinn), 2010, nr. 19/3–4, p. 71–85.https://ktu.kty.ee/en/arhiiv/2010-3%e2%88%924-2

The Little Journals in Lithuania: from “Tygodnik Wileński” to “Vairas”, Centropa /A Journal of Central European Architecture and Related Arts (New York), 2010, September, Vol. 10, nr. 3, p. 321–230.

Lebensfrohes München. Freizeit und Vergnügungen russischer Künstler zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts. Веселый Мюнхен. Досуг и развлечения русских художников в начале ХХ века, Das russische München. Русский Мюнхен, München: MIR, 2010, p. 82–97.

Vilniaus miesto ikonos gimimas [The Birth of the Urban Icon of Vilnius], Acta Academiae Artium Vilnensis, t. 57: Meninis Vilnius: įtakos ir įvaizdžiai, ed. Rūta Janonienė, Vilnius: Vilniaus dailės akademijos leidykla, 2009, p. 155–174

Neu Entdeckte Korrespondenz von Alexej von Jawlensky, Reihe Bild und Wissenschaft. Forschungsbeiträge zur Leben und Werk Alexej von Jawlenskys, bd. 3, Locarno: Alexej von Jawlensky Archiv A.G., 2009, p. 197–210.

Vilniaus šventės ir pramogos XX a. pradžioje [Festivals and Amusements in Vilnius at the Start of the Twentieth century], Imperinis Vilnius (1795–1918). Kultūros riboženkliai ir vietinės tapatybė, ed. Alma Lapinskienė, Vilnius: Lietuvių literatūros ir tautosakos institutas, 2009, p. 134–150.
https://etalpykla.lituanistikadb.lt/object/LT-LDB-0001:J.04~2009~1367169156483/

Marianne Werefkin: Un’Espressionista Viaggiatrice, Marianne Werefkin L’Amazzone dell’ Avanguardia, Museo di Roma in Trastevere, Roma: Alias, 2009, p. 108–110.

Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis ir simbolizmas [Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis and Symbolism], Lietuva 1009-2009, Vilnius: Vilniaus dailės akademijos leidykla, 2009, p. 471–479.

Apie paminklus Lietuvos provincijoje XIX a. viduryje – XX a. pradžioje. Ar statė lietuviai paminklus carams? [On the Monuments in Lithuanian Provincial Localities in the Mid-19th and Early 20th Centuries: Did Lithuanians Raise Monuments to the Tsar?], Dailės istorijos studijos, 3 t.: Ars memoriae: atmintis – dailės funkcija ir tema (XVIII–XXI a.), ed. Lina Balaišytė, Auksė Kaladžinskaitė. Vilnius: Kultūros, filosofijos ir meno institutas, 2008, p. 92–109.

Writing Lithuanian Art History in the First half of the Twentieth Century: Strategies of National Identity, Centropa /A Journal of Central European Architecture and Related Arts (New York), 2008, September, Vol. 8, nr. 3, p. 272–280.

Articles in dictionaries

Kairiūkštis Vytautas, Grove Art Online, New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.
http://www.oxfordartonline.com/subscriber/article/grove/art/T2228613?q=kairiukstis&search=quick&pos=1&_start=1#firsthit
https://doi.org/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T2228613

(revised) Lithuania, Grove Art Online, New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.
http://www.oxfordartonline.com/subscriber/article/grove/art/T051391?q=lithuania&search=quick&pos=1&_start=1#firsthit
https://doi.org/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T051391

Кайрюкштис Витаутас, Энциклопедия русского авангарда. Изобразительное искусство, архитектура. Том 1: А–К. Биографии, сост. В.И. Ракитин, А.Д.Сарабьянов, Москва: Глобал Эксперт энд Сервис Тим, 2013, p.  402–403.

Чюрленис Миколай Константин, Энциклопедия русского авангарда. Изобразительное искусство, архитектура. Том 2: Л–Я. Биографии, сост. В.И. Ракитин, А.Д.Сарабьянов, Москва: Глобал Эксперт энд Сервис Тим, 2013, p. 569–570.

Вильна (Вильно, Вильнюс), Энциклопедия русского авангарда. Изобразительное искусство, архитектура. История. Теория. Том 3: А-М. сост. Ракитин В.И., Сарабьянов А.Д., Москва: Global Expert & Service Team; 2014, ISBN 978-902801-09-2, p. 80–82.

(Co-author) Lietuvos dailininkų žodynas [Dictionary of Lithuanian Artists] 1795–1918, vol. 2, ed. Jolanta Širkaitė, Vilnius: Lietuvos kultūros tyrimų institutas, 2012.

(Co-author) Lietuvos dailininkų žodynas, [Dictionary of Lithuanian Artists] 1918–1944, vol. 3, ed. Lijana Natalevičienė, Vilnius: Lietuvos kultūros tyrimų institutas, 2013.

(Co-author) Lietuvos dailininkų žodynas, [Dictionary of Lithuanian Artists] 1945–2000, vol. 4, ed. Milda Žvirblytė, Vilnius: Lietuvos kultūros tyrimų institutas, 2016.

Conference papers abroad

”Heritage of Lithuanian National Museum of Art: Disruptive Metamorphoses”, conference “Muzeum jako miejsce napięć, pole konfliktu, przestrzeń dialogu w Europie Środkowej“ („The Museum as a Place of Tension, Arena of Conflict and Space of Dialogue in Central Europe. Objects – Actors – Spaces”, 29th Conference of the Working Group of Polish and German Art Historians and Restorers), Muzeum Narodowe Szczecin, 2022 09 29.
https://muzeum.szczecin.pl/116-aktualnosci/1713-program-pl-de-eng-29-konferencji-polskich-i-niemieckich-historykow-sztuki-i-konserwatorow-wspolne-dziedzictwo.html?fbclid=IwAR1KIjsL2vRg5zdTiH4SoOgOoj6j8q0Y7X-wjQKX1GZV3FI-9bIzbDowuMk

“Marianne von Werefkin: Transnational Figure of the Avant-garde”, conference “Globalising the Avant-Garde. The 8th Conference of the European Network for Avant-Garde and Modernism Studies”, Faculdade de Ciências Socias e Humanas, Universidade NOVA, Lisbon, 2022 09 01.
https://bitok.datastore.pt/scimeet-prod/cms/eam2022lisbon.sci-meet.net/7a8b66e7-80df-4dc1-a916-ff55b9b41e8d/Programme-updated30.08.2022.pdf

”Zagadka obrazu Stanisława Bohusz-Siestrzeńcewicza „Głód w Wilnie” lub „Dzieci przedmieść wileńskich““, conference ”Stanisław Bohusz-Siestrzeńcewicz 1869–1927. Twórczość – Konteksty – Przyczynki“, Suwalki: Muzeum Okręgowe w Suwałkach, 2021 06 28.
https://www.facebook.com/370668909678966/photos/pb.370668909678966.-2207520000../4119215791490907/?type=3&eid=ARCUygq2Q9citZEJyriOvWP6-PUAgiJ2cqtvC0qCfLP87KBKvmTpE6nLwdph1g0vglJFgzuwxk42KhPV

”Activities of German Artists in Oberost: case of Vilnius“, conference ”Wars in Intellectual and Artistic Reflection: Media and Production of Knowledge in Eastern Europe, 1900–1939”, Herder Institute for Historical Research on Eastern Europe, Marburg, 2019 10 10.
https://www.herder-institut.de/veranstaltungen/tagungen/2019/wars-in-intellectual-and-artistic-reflection-media-and-the-production-of-knowledge-in-eastern-europe-1900-1939.html

”Paradoxes of Lithuanian National Romanticism“, conference ”Romantisme national et symbolisme balte“, Paris, Musée d’Orsay, 2018  05 03.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o6lbfjJANIs

”Art of Nobody’s Land: Legacy of World War One in Lithuania“, 3rd Conference of Baltic Art Historians ”Representing Art History in the Baltic Countries. Experiences and Prospects“, Riga: Art Academy of Latvia, Latvian National Museum of Art, 2016 10 07.
http://www.lma.lv/downloads/2016-BAH-Programme-Moderators.pdf
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6y5tdcwSHTM

”Vilnius Art Heritage in the Eyes of German Art Historians during WWI“, conference ”Apologeten der Vernichtung oder ”Kunstschützer“? Kunsthistoriker der Mittelmächte im Ersten Weltkrieg, /“Apologets of Destruction or Art Protectors? Art Historians of Central Powers in the Works War One“,  Geisteswissenschaftlichen Zentrum Kultur und Geschichte Ostmitteleuropas e. V. (GWZO), Universität Leipzig, 2015 04 08.
https://arthist.net/archive/9816.http://www.boehlau-verlag.com/download/164722/978-3-412-50716-9_OpenAccess.pdf

”Woman artists of Marianne Werefkin’s circle: sisters or rivals?“, conference ”Marianne Werefkin and her Circle“, Bremen: Paula Modersohn-Becker Museum & Humanities Research Center at Jacobs University, 2014 09 11–12.
https://www.museen-boettcherstrasse.de/kunst-erleben/fuehrungen-und-veranstaltungen/werefkin-and-die-kosmopolitischen-kuenstlerinnen-/

”Jewish Vilnius in the Works of German Artists“, The Yale Conference on Baltic and Scandinavian Studies (AABS), New Heaven: Yale university, 2014 03 15.